If you’re asking this to be done at all scales, your asking for a summary of hundreds of years of physics, chemistry and materials science. I’ve studied such things for decades and only have a rough overview of such an explanation. Also we don’t have an ultimate explanation, and we might never develop one.
At the smallest currently accessible scales the best we have is the Standard Model of Particle Physics. No Quora answer can provide a detailed description of this model, but you can easily search for background information and find such information for many levels of mathematical sophistication. For a solid understanding you will need to understand calculus, statistical physics, group theory, quantum field theory and a lot more mathematics.
