The process illustrated is best explained as when states used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
What was the use of gunpowder weapons?
As modern gun was not in invention then, these empire uses the gunpowder weapons to attack and conquer land which are used to establish large empires.
Hence, the process illustrated is best explained as when states used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
Therefore, the Option D is correct.
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