Answer:
Human travel to Mars and beyond is no longer science fiction.
Through shuttle research we know how the body changes, what we
need to do to fix some of the problems or—better yet—prevent them,
the importance of monitoring health, and how to determine the
human body’s performance through the various sequences of launch,
spaceflight, and landing. Basically, we understand how astronauts
keep their performance high so they can be explorers, scientists,
and operators.
Astronauts change physically during spaceflight, from their brain,
heart, blood vessels, eyes, and ears and on down to their cells.
Many types of research studies validated these changes and
demonstrated how best to prevent health problems and care for the
astronauts before, during, and after spaceflight.
During a shuttle flight, astronauts experienced a multitude of
gravitational forces. Earth is 1 gravitational force (1g); however,
during launch, the forces varied from 1 to 3g. During a shuttle’s
return to Earth, the forces varied from nearly zero to 1.6g, over
approximately 33 minutes, during the maneuvers to return. In all,
the shuttle provided rather low gravitational forces compared with
other rocket-type launches and landings.
The most pervasive physiological human factor in all spaceflight,
however, is microgravity. An astronaut perceives weightlessness and
floats along with any object, large or small. The microgravity
physiological changes affect the human body, the functions within the
space vehicle, and all the fluids, foods, water, and contaminants.
We learned how to perform well in this environment through the
Space Shuttle Program. This information led to improvements in
astronauts’ health care not only during shuttle flights but also for the
International Space Station (ISS) and future missions beyond
low-Earth orbit. Shuttle research and medical care led directly to
improved countermeasures used by ISS crew members. No shuttle
mission was terminated due to health concerns.
Explanation:
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