People who make judgments in lower federal courts are called judges. They are public officers authorized to hear/decide cases in a court of law (magistrates). This kind of judge is nominated by the President and confirmed by the US Senate, as stated in the Constitution.
The lower federal courts include Court of Appeals; District Courts; Bankruptcy Courts; Courts of Special Jurisdiction. And the Supreme Court hears appeals from the lower courts. The Judicial Power of the US has the power to create the lower courts.
