1. an adverb clause will always contain a subject, verb, and subordinate conjunction (this is what keeps it from being a complete sentence)
2) until his arms ached. (his arms = subject, ached = verb, until = subordinate conjunction)
3) once they saw her car turn the corner. (they = subject, saw = verb, once = subordinate conjunction)
4) When the storm started (the storm = subject, started = verb, when = subordinate conjunction)
5) while being taught to bake cupcakes. (she = subject, taught = verb, while = subordinate conjunction)