Answer: b. pioneer species, soil formation, plant growth
Explanation:
An ecological succession can be define as the change in the biotic community in an ecosystem due to changes occurring in the abiotic factors (temperature, air, water, soil, and calamity) with respect to time.
b. pioneer species, soil formation, plant growth is the correct option as it is depicting the example of primary succession. A primary succession occurs in a region which was not previously occupied by any living species. For example, a receding glacier or a region which has undergone with volcanic activity. The pioneer species is the species which firstly colonize in a region and make the environment suitable for the survival of other species. Lichens are the example of the pioneer species in a primary succession. The lichens release acids which disintegrates the rocks so as to wither soil particles. The formation and aggregation of soil particles helps in the growth of plants.
