The Umayyad Caliphate was an Islamic Empire with its capital in Damascus, and it was characterized by the importance given to Arab citizens, who were considered as first-class citizens, while other ethnicities were considered second-class citizens, even though they were Muslims as well. This division among the population brought discontent among different groups, like Persians and Kurdish, who wanted to have access to political and social privileges. For this reason, the Abbasid dynasty took advantage of these groups who opposed the Umayyad and organized a conspiracy in Kufa, in the Eastern region of the empire, in order to seize control of the Caliphate. They succeeded in their military campaign, established the Abbasid Caliphate, and moved the capital to Baghdad. With the Abbasid Caliphate, a great cultural movement started in the Islamic world for centuries, known as the Islamic golden age.
