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Eritrea's Federation and Unification with Ethiopia:
Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia in 1952 under a United Nations resolution following the end of Italian colonial rule.
The federation granted Eritrea autonomy in internal affairs while maintaining economic and defense ties with Ethiopia.
However, in 1962, Emperor Haile Selassie annexed Eritrea, abolishing the federation and sparking a prolonged armed struggle for independence, which culminated in Eritrea gaining independence from Ethiopia in 1991.
Foundation and Development of OAU (Organization of African Unity) and Its Influence on African Affairs:
The OAU was founded in 1963 with the goal of promoting unity and solidarity among African nations and addressing colonialism and apartheid.
It played a crucial role in supporting decolonization efforts and facilitating negotiations for independence.
The OAU also provided a platform for African leaders to address regional conflicts, promote economic cooperation, and advocate for African interests on the global stage.
In 2002, the OAU was succeeded by the African Union (AU), which expanded its mandate to include promoting peace, security, and development on the continent.
Major Liberation Struggles in Africa and Decolonization Processes of the 1960s:
The 1960s witnessed numerous liberation struggles across Africa as countries sought to end colonial rule and assert their independence.
Notable liberation movements include the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa, led by Nelson Mandela, which fought against apartheid.
In countries like Algeria, Kenya, and Angola, armed resistance movements played a crucial role in securing independence from colonial powers such as France, Britain, and Portugal.
Decolonization processes varied in each country but generally involved negotiations, armed struggle, and diplomatic efforts to gain independence and establish sovereign states.
Opposition Movements Against Emperor Haile Selassie's Regime:
In the 1960s, Ethiopia witnessed growing opposition to Emperor Haile Selassie's autocratic rule, particularly from student groups, intellectuals, and leftist organizations.
The opposition criticized the monarchy for its authoritarianism, economic inequality, and failure to address social and political grievances.
Student protests and labor strikes intensified in the late 1960s, leading to increased repression by the government and eventual revolution in 1974.
Ethiopia's Foreign Relations Dominated by Britain and USA After 1941:
After Italy's defeat in World War II, Ethiopia's foreign relations were heavily influenced by Britain and the USA, who saw Ethiopia as a strategic ally in the region.
The USA provided military and economic aid to Ethiopia during the Cold War, viewing it as a bulwark against Soviet influence in the Horn of Africa.
Britain also maintained close ties with Ethiopia, particularly in defense and intelligence cooperation, as well as economic development assistance.
Establishment of the Derg and Its Socio-economic and Political Policies:
The Derg, a Marxist-Leninist military junta, seized power in Ethiopia in 1974 following Emperor Haile Selassie's overthrow.
The Derg implemented radical socialist policies, including land reforms, nationalization of industries, and redistribution of wealth.
However, its policies led to economic stagnation, human rights abuses, and widespread unrest, culminating in a brutal civil war and the rise of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991.
