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In the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Thurgood Marshall, who was the chief legal strategist for the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), made several crucial arguments that helped shape the Court's decision to overturn the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and declare state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
One of Marshall's key arguments was that segregated schools were inherently unequal and violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. He argued that segregation itself created a sense of inferiority among African American children, which had a detrimental effect on their motivation to learn and their overall educational experience.
Marshall presented evidence from social science research, including the famous "doll test" conducted by psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark, which demonstrated that African American children internalized feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem as a result of segregation. This evidence helped convince the Court that segregated schools had a negative psychological impact on African American children, even if the physical facilities were equal.
Additionally, Marshall argued that the historical context and intent behind the 14th Amendment, which was ratified after the Civil War to protect the rights of newly freed slaves, supported the idea that segregation in public education violated the constitutional principles of equal protection and due process.
By skillfully combining legal arguments with sociological evidence, Thurgood Marshall's strategy played a pivotal role in persuading the Supreme Court to unanimously rule that "separate but equal" had no place in public education and that racial segregation in schools was unconstitutional.
