Karen was sexually abused by her father at the age of 5. She developed a severe separation anxiety reaction whenever her mother tried to leave. As an adult,
Karen developed a dissociative disorder due to the same abuse. This is an example of how the same factor, in this case abuse, can be
a. both a sufficient and a necessary cause.
b. both a reinforcing contributory cause and a punishing contributory cause.
c. both a primary and a secondary process.
d. both a proximal and a distal causal factor.
