Recall the Dunedin study that followed a cohort of 1,037 New Zealanders since their birth in 1972/73. Further recall that two psychologists who reviewed the Dunedin data in 2018 wanted to learn whether the number and frequency of childhood acts requiring disciplinary action outside the home could predict the degree of teenage criminal delinquency. As part of the study, beginning when the study members were age 3, the Dunedin researchers tracked the number and frequency of childhood acts that resulted in disciplinary action by authorities outside the home. When the male study members were age 15, the researchers noted the degree to which they took part in teenage criminal delinquency. The psychologists who reviewed the data found that the habitual offenders had been making trouble from age 3 and had arrest records starting before their teen years. For each of the following, categorize the variable as an explanatory variable, response variable, or confounding variable.
