Answer:
1. **Political agenda:** A set of goals or objectives pursued by a political entity or individual. In "Antigone," Creon's political agenda is to establish his authority and maintain order in Thebes by decreeing that Polyneices, who fought against the city, should not be buried.
2. **Gender bias:** Prejudice or discrimination based on gender. In "Antigone," there is a gender bias evident in Creon's treatment of Antigone compared to his treatment of her brother, Ismene. Creon refuses to listen to Antigone because she is a woman, while he considers Ismene's advice.
3. **Class:** Social stratification based on economic or social status. In "Antigone," class is depicted through the hierarchy in Theban society. Creon, as the king, holds the highest social class, while Antigone, as a woman and niece, holds a lower class status.
4. **Capricious:** Subject to sudden, unpredictable changes in behavior or attitude. Creon's decision-making in "Antigone" is capricious, as he initially declares that Polyneices should remain unburied, but later changes his mind when confronted by his son Haemon.
5. **Obstinate:** Stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action. Creon's obstinacy leads to tragic consequences in "Antigone" as he refuses to heed the warnings of Tiresias and persists in his decision to punish Antigone.
6. **Natural Law vs Manmade Law:** Natural law refers to principles of morality and justice inherent in nature, while manmade law is legislation enacted by humans. In "Antigone," Antigone invokes natural law by insisting on burying her brother, while Creon upholds manmade law by decreeing against it.
7. **Divine Right of Kings (absolutism):** The belief that monarchs derive their authority from God and are therefore not subject to earthly authority. Creon embodies the concept of divine right of kings in "Antigone" by asserting his absolute authority as king of Thebes.
2. In ancient Greek society, societal norms and expectations were heavily influenced by factors such as political agendas, gender bias, and the belief in divine right of kings. These norms dictated strict hierarchies and reinforced patriarchal structures. However, with the passage of time, societal norms have evolved, and Egypt today operates under different paradigms. While remnants of patriarchal structures and political agendas still exist, there has been progress towards greater gender equality and recognition of human rights. Today, Egypt faces challenges in reconciling traditional beliefs with modern values, and societal norms continue to shift in response to changing political, economic, and social landscapes. Despite these changes, elements of class distinction and adherence to manmade laws persist, reflecting the ongoing struggle between tradition and progress. The legacy of "Antigone" serves as a reminder of the complexities inherent in navigating societal norms and expectations, both in ancient Greece and in contemporary Egypt.
