excommunication punishment helped popes control kings who violated the laws of the Catholic Church during the European Middle Ages.
In mediaeval and early modern philosophy, the papal deposing power, which amounted to the statement of the Pope's right to proclaim a Christian monarch heretical and incapable of ruling, was the most potent instrument of the political authority claimed by and on behalf of the Roman Pontiff.
The feudal political system that prevailed in mediaeval Europe was held together by oaths of fealty. Deposition was based on the idea that, in exceptional cases, the Pope, who is considered to be God's ultimate representative and the source of all vows, would release a ruler's subjects from their loyalty, rendering the monarch helpless.
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