Oxygen isotope analyzes of both deep-sea cores and ice cores (from the Greenland ice sheet) indicate that the Pleistocene was characterized by frequent and widespread climate variability, including cycles of glacial advance and retreat.
These changes were caused by variations in the Earth's orbit and tilt, affecting the amount of solar radiation received by different parts of the Earth.
The Pleistocene also saw a series of major ice ages, during which ice sheets and glaciers covered most of the Earth's surface. These ice ages were interspersed with shorter, warmer periods called interglacials. During that time, the Earth's climate resembled the present climate.
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