in a study of a disease in which all cases that developed were ascertained, if the relative risk for the association between a factor and the disease is equal to or less than 1.0, then:

For the given statement , correct answer is option e: there is either no association or a negative association between the factor and the disease.

Reason with explanation:

Relative risk is a ratio which help us to compares the risk of a health between two groups.
When the value of relative risk is 1, it represents the risk among the two groups is same.
When the value of relative risk is > 1, it represents the risk is increased for the exposed group.
And when relative risk < 1, it represents exposure protect against the disease.
Hence for the given statement , a value of relative risk is equal or less than represents there is no association or negative association between a factor or a disease.

The complete question is:

In a study of a disease in which all cases that developed were ascertained, if the relative risk for the association between a factor and the disease is equal to or less than 1.0, then:

a. There is no association between the factor and the disease

b. The factor protects against development of the disease

c. Either matching or randomization has been unsuccessful

d. The comparison group used was unsuitable, and a valid comparison is not possible

e. There is either no association or a negative association between the factor and the disease

Learn more about factors here

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