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Mutations, gene flow, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and natural selection can cause changes in the frequency of an allele in a population
Define allele.
One of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a certain genomic region is referred to as an allele. For any given genomic location where such variation exists, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent. An individual is homozygous for an allele if the two alleles are identical. The person is heterozygous if the alleles differ.
Alleles are added to a gene pool by mutations. As a result, the frequency of particular allele combinations in the population changes, leading to gradual population evolution. They play a significant role in the evolution of novel gene variants.
Gene flow is typically accompanied by a significant population and a gradual shift in gene frequencies. Genetic admixture is the gradual integration of the genes of migrant populations, each of which has its own distinctive allele frequencies, into the gene pool of the population into which they have migrated.
Although it can alter genotype frequencies, non-random mating won't change the population's allele frequencies on its own. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is prevented, but it's questionable whether this qualifies as evolution given that the allele frequencies are remaining constant.
Natural selection occurs when individuals with a particular genotype are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with a different genotype, and thereby to pass on their alleles to the following generation. There is variation in some traits among individuals within a population. This variant is inherited. Changes in this trait correspond to changes in fitness.
The sampling mistake that comes with individuals in a finite population transmitting gametes leads to genetic drift. Genetic drift is a process of evolution that is characterized by erratic changes in the prevalence of a particular gene allele in a population. The impacts of genetic drift can be severe, often leading to features in a community becoming overly prevalent or disappearing, even though it usually affects small, isolated populations.
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