Based on the macroeconomic theory, and the available options, all the options in this question are not tools of open market operations.
Open Market Operations is a term that is used to describe the purchase and sale of securities in the open market by the Federal Reserve.
Usually, Open Market Operations are conducted to control the supply of money that is on reserve in the country's banks.
For example, The Fed purchases Treasury securities, the purpose is to increase the money supply, and when it sells these securities, the purpose is to reduce the money supply in the economy.
Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the correct answer is option D "all of the above are not tools of open market operations."
Learn more about Open Market Operations here: https://brainly.com/question/14256204
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