Muscle and nerve cells have different DNA sequences. Different gene transcription results in the synthesis of different proteins in the two cell types. The cell's chromosomal DNA is rearranged and mutated so that it can become a muscle cell rather than a nerve cell.
When the DNA and genes of the muscle cell are compared to the DNA and genes of the nerve cell, the main difference is that the genes that are active in the nerve cell are not active in the muscle cell.
The function of the cell is determined by the activated genes; the main function of the nerve cell is signal transmission, while the main function of the muscle cell is movement. Thus, the distinction lies in the set of genes that are active in muscle cells versus nerve cells.
Gene expression is influenced by both extrinsic and intrinsic cell factors. Environmental cues such as small molecules, secreted proteins, temperature, and oxygen are examples of cell-extrinsic factors that regulate expression. These cues can come from other cells within the organism or from the organism's environment. Cells communicate within the organism by sending and receiving secreted proteins known as growth factors, morphogens, cytokines, or signaling molecules.
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