This observation would pertain most to Signal Detection Theory.
The idea of signal detection separates a person's capacity to distinguish between the presence and absence of a stimulus (or between various stimulus intensities) from the standard by which they react to those stimuli.
It is assumed that the listener will decide whether or not a tone was added to the noise based on the distribution of instantaneous amplitudes of the two sounds (signal plus noise and noise alone).
Gustav Fechner (1860–1966) was the creator of the signal detection theory.
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