By 1519, smallpox had reached Hispaniola, from which it quickly spread to mainland Central America and beyond. For Native Americans, who lacked immunity to such illnesses, smallpox, along with measles, influenza, chickenpox, bubonic plague, typhus, scarlet fever, pneumonia, and malaria, signified tragedy.
Native Americans were defenseless against the fatal diseases and bacteria brought by Europeans, including smallpox, measles, typhus, and cholera (Denevan, 1976). European sailors brought syphilis back to their native continent with them.
More than 30 million indigenous people were living in Mexico at the time of its conquest in 1519. But in just a century later, due to Smallpox, the population had significantly decreased to at most 1.5–3 million people.
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