SOLUTION:
Step 1:
In this question, we are given the following:
Confounding means the distortion of the association between the independent and dependent variables because a third variable is independently associated with both.
A causal relationship between two variables is often described as the way in which the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
Example of a confounding variable: You collect data on sunburns and ice cream consumption. You find that higher ice cream consumption is associated with a higher probability of sunburn. Does that mean ice cream consumption causes sunburn?
CONCLUSION:
From the above explanation, we can see that the correct answer is:
( OPTION B )
