The attractant level is measured every few seconds by comparing the level of methylation on the cytoplasmic side of the MCPs to the level of bound attractant on the periplasmic side of the MCPs.
The cell membrane is a hard structure that gives bacteria their distinctive forms. A repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or related silencers in molecular genetics. A DNA-binding repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter, blocking transcription of the genes into messenger RNA. The majority of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways regulate bacteria's ability to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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