Early states that were able to expand and conquer neighboring states were those which had a stable government and society with a food surplus and technological superiority.
In order to form a stable state, they needed:
FOOD SURPLUS: it is an extra production of food that could be stored or sold. It also permitted labor division and new activities, since it was not necessary for all of the population to work on food production. Having a food surplus, therefore, allowed for the recruitment and sustain of soldiers.
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS: Conquering states were generally those which had superior technological advances in warfare. For instance, the domain of metalworking, or chariots pulled by horses.
STABLE GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY: A state could only expand if there was peace within its domains. This was the result of a stable and strong government. Generally, early governments were supported by religion, with the belief that a king or emperor was chosen by gods. Others like the Egyptians directly believed their rulers were Gods.
Some early estates also developed coded laws to ensure peace and justice.
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