How do instructions in dna lead to cell differentiation and result in cell specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms?

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Because all cells contain the same DNA, all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell; however, once a cell differentiates, the process cannot be reversed.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer made of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix and which contains the genetic material necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of all known species as well as numerous viruses. Nucleic acids include ribonucleic acid (RNA) and DNA. One of the four major categories of macromolecules that are necessary for all known forms of life, along with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), is nucleic acids.

As they are made up of simpler monomeric units termed nucleotides, the two DNA strands are referred to as polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and one of the four nucleobases (cytosine, guanine, adenine, or thymine) that contain nitrogen.

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