In a ruby laser, an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower one. if the energy difference between the two levels is 1.8 EV, 649 is the wavelength of the emitted photon
Only pulse mode is employed with the ruby laser. Water does not readily absorb radiation, but pigments like melanin and hemoglobin do so to a large extent. The anterior ocular structures are easily penetrated by the ruby laser. Vascular and colored retinal lesions are photocoagulation with it.
Ruby served as the active medium in Maiman's 1960 development of the solid-state laser known as the Ruby laser. Aluminum oxide crystals are found in rubies. where chromium ions are used to partially replace aluminum ions. Chromium ions are the substance that makes the ruby laser active.
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