When the macula densa detects an increase in NaCl concentration in the renal filtrate, GFR decreases.
The macula densa regulates the body's blood pressure by keeping track of filtrate osmolarity; if it drops too low, it triggers the kidney's afferent arterioles to constrict, raising pressure at the glomerulus and boosting glomerular filtration rate.
Adenosine is released as a result of increased sodium chloride supply to the macula densa, and when it binds to the afferent arteriole, it produces vasoconstriction. The resultant vasoconstriction lowers GFR.
It is believed that the sodium content in the fluid inside the distal tubule and, possibly, the pace of fluid passage past them, trigger a response in the macula densa cells, which are sensory cells.
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