An externality is a benefit or cost associated with an activity that accrues to some third party who is not a direct participant in the activity. The Tragedy of the Commons suggests that people and states have a general set of incentives that encourage them to limit their consumption of public resources.
An externality is a cost or benefit caused by a producer that is not financially incurred or received by that producer. An externality can be both positive or negative and can stem from either the production or consumption of a good or service.
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