When Galileo invented the telescope, he discovered four of Jupiter's moons, and observed that the moons followed the same laws of motion as the planets orbiting the sun.
Galileo then made many observations that convinced people that Copernicus's heliocentric model was indeed correct.
Galileo sparked the birth of modern astronomy with his observations of the Moon, phases of Venus, moons around Jupiter, sunspots, and the news that seemingly countless individual stars make up the Milky Way Galaxy.
Galileo discovered that the Moon has mountains, pits, and other features, just like the Earth.
Galileo turned his gaze toward Venus, the brightest celestial object in the sky - other than the Sun and the Moon. With his observations of the phases of Venus, Galileo was able to figure out that the planet orbits the Sun, not the Earth as was the common belief in his time.
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