Enthalpy changes are always lower than their expected values due to faulty measurements; option D.
Enthalpy changes refers to the changes in the heat content of substances in the course of a reaction.
Enthalpy changes occurs as a result of bond breaking and bond formation in the reactant molecules and product molecules respectively.
Enthalpy changes are measured from the changes in temperature that are observed in the course of a given reaction.
Due to faulty measurements in a particular experiment measuring enthalpy changes, enthalpy changes are always lower than their expected values.
Therefore, accurate measurements are required if results as close as possible to the actual enthalpy changes are to be obtained.
In conclusion, enthalpy changes measure the heat changes that occur during a particular chemical reaction.
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