During complex litigation, discovery disputes are sometimes overseen and resolved by a special master.
A "special master" is appointed by the court to act on its behalf. In theory, "special masters" are distinguished from "masters". While a master's function is essentially to research and collect evidence and documents to inform the court's future actions, a special master performs some direct action on the side of the court.
The term is frequently used in cases decided by the Supreme Court. These are often cases of border disputes between states, where special masters have been appointed to settle issues of geographic or historical claims.
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