Oligodendrocytes of glial cells build myelin sheaths around axons in the periphery of the body.
In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes sustain the axons of neurons, especially those that travel across vast distances within the brain. Myelin, a fatty substance that they make, is wrapped around axons as insulation. White matter acquires its name from the myelin sheath, which has a role similar to that of insulation layers around power cables in that it speeds up the transmission of electrical signals. Myelin sheath loss around neurons is what causes multiple sclerosis. Major glial cells in the brain includes oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia.
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