In a human cell the molecule that most frequently interacts with ionizing radiation is DNA.
- Any cell's DNA can be changed by radiation. Somatic or nonheritable effects refer to cell damage and death brought on by mutations in somatic cells that solely affect the organism in which the mutation occurred.
- In the event that ionizing radiation contacts with a DNA macromolecule, the energy released may cause a chemical bond to be broken and may even sever one of the sugar-phosphate chain side rails, or strands, of the molecular structure that resembles a ladder (single-strand break).
- A point mutation is the term used to describe this kind of DNA damage.
- By causing DNA breaks, especially double-strand breaks (DSBs), ionizing radiation directly changes DNA structure.
- The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which oxidize proteins and lipids and also cause various DNA damage, is one of the secondary effects.
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