When environmental conditions become unfavorable, many protozoa produce cysts.
For dormant spores in eukaryotes, sporulation often occurs as a result of fertilization or nuclear fusion forming diploid spores corresponding to fertilized eggs.
A zygote is therefore the result of sexual reproduction. Spore-mediated propagation involves the dispersal of spores through water or air.
Cilia and flagella are intracellular structures that propel protozoa through liquid media. Flagella are long, whip-like structures that propel the organism forward with wavy strokes extending the length of them. Flagellated protozoa usually have one or several flagella per organism.
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