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Compensatory mutation alleviates some or all of the detrimental impact of an antagonistic pleiotropic trait.

As an evolutionary explanation for senescence, George C. Williams first put forth the antagonistic pleiotropy theory in 1957. Pleiotropy describes the situation when one gene affects multiple phenotypic traits in an organism.

Antagonistic pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which one gene controls for multiple traits, at least one of which is advantageous for the fitness of the organism early in life and at least one of which is detrimental to the fitness of the organism later due to a decrease in the force of natural selection.  The key tenet of G.C. William's theory of antagonistic pleiotropy was that senescence would be adaptive in evolution if a gene induced both greater reproduction in adolescence and ageing in old age.

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