ATP is synthesized through substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and citric acid cycle only. Thus, the correct option is C.
Substrate-level phosphorylation may be defined as the process of synthesis of ATP from ADP and a phosphorylated intermediate, rather than from ADP and inorganic phosphate which is as same as oxidative phosphorylation.
Substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in the cytoplasm of cells (glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (Krebs cycle). Glycolysis significantly produces less ATP than TCA.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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