The level of college education and wages earned are known to have a strong positive association. karen concluded that a college education causes higher earnings. is karen's conclusion valid? explain. karen's conclusion is not valid because association does not imply causation. karen's conclusion is valid because association does imply causation. karen's conclusion is not valid because causation does not imply association. karen's conclusion is valid because causation does imply association.

An association claim asserts that a particular level of one variable is expected to be related to a specific level of another variable. As two variables are related, they are said to be correlated, which means that when one variable varies, the other variable tends to change as well.

An association claim must include at least two variables that are measured rather than manipulated.

While an association claim just acknowledges a connection between two variables, a causal claim goes a step further by claiming that one of the factors is responsible for altering the other.

Therefore, we can conclude that the claim which states that:

College education causes higher earnings is valid because the association does imply causation.

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