Protein synthesis involves two stages. Transcription, which occurs in the nucleus, and translation, that takes place in the cytoplasm. The answer is cytoplasm.
The first step before protein synthesis begins is to synthesize messenger RNA, mRNA.
This is the coping process of the DNA section for the desired protein, and it happens in the nucleus.
RNA polymerase is in charge of reading the original DNI strand for mRNA synthesis.
⇒ Cytoplasm stage
Translation takes place when the formed mRNA moves to the cytoplasm through the nucleus membrane pores.
Once in the cytoplasm, mRNA meets a ribosome, which is the primary structure for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are organelles composed by the association of proteins with rRNA and tRNA. They can be found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum or floating in the cytosol.
While the ribosome reads mRNA strain from its 5´ extreme to 3´, tRNA adds the correct amino acids to build the polypeptide.
⇒ Endoplasmic Reticulum Stage
Some proteins are destined for membrane or exportation. Their synthesis starts in the cytoplasm but finishes in the Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
When the ribosome and the growing molecule reach the RER, the synthesizing protein keeps enlarging forward the reticulum lumen.
When the new polypeptide synthesis is complete, it is released into the reticulum lumen.
The endoplasmic reticulum is in charge of protein folding, maturation, and transport, especially those destined for secretion. It produces the latest protein modifications after transduction and initiates the glycosylation process.
⇒ Golgi complex stage
Once the protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum is over, these molecules are packaged into vesicles and sent to the Golgi complex.
In the Golgi complex, proteins suffer their final association with carbohydrates and lipids to originate glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Glycoproteins and glycolipids are packaged again into new vesicles that drive them to their final destiny.
According to this frameworks, translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
Depending on the protein destiny, it can be completely synthetized in the cytoplasm, or part of the synthesis might also occur in the RER -wh.
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