Answer:
In fact, there are actually several ways crude or refined oil may reach the marine environment. ... Use or consumption of oil (which includes operational discharges from ships and discharges from land-based sources): 37% Transportation (accidental spills from ships): 12% Extraction: 3% :))
Transportation (accidental spills from ships): 12% Extraction: 3% Natural seeps: 46%.
Wherever oil is consumed, such as in manufacturing or when loading a ship with fuel, there are opportunities for oil spills. According to the Washington State Department of Ecology(link is external) [PDF], most spills that occur during ship fueling happen because of inattention, inadequate procedure, procedural error, or poor judgment—in other words, human error.
The typically small-in-size spills that come from consuming oil originate from a variety of activities and actually account for most of the oil spilled by humans into the sea.
When the Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred, on the other hand, crude oil was in transport. Since oil is an international commodity and in constant demand, there are always ships, pipelines, and (increasingly) trains moving it around the world.
According to the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation(link is external), occurrences of large spills from tankers and barges (above approximately 2,000 gallons) have decreased dramatically since 1970. This can be attributed at least in part to advances in safety thanks to the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
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