Respuesta :
The independent variable produces an effect on the dependent variable, while the control variable produce no change on the results. In the exposed situations, the independent variables are supplemental O₂, low carbohydrate diets, hours spent studying biology. The dependent variables are Endurance of climbers, Weight loss, grades earned on exams. And the control variable might be time.
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During an experiment, you need to consider all the variables involved.
- Independent (manipulated) variable: Refers to all the variables in an experiment that provoke a response in another variable. An independent variable is the one that changes or is controlled and modified to analyze how another variable responds to it. The researcher changes the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable. Usually, the independent variable is represented by the X letter.
- Dependent variable: Refers to the variable, which response depends on any change in the independent variable. It represents a quantity of something which value depends on how the independent variable is modified. The change in the dependent variable might be proportional or inversely proportional to the change in the manipulated variable. It is usually identified by the letter Y.
- Controlled variables are kept constant in the control groups and the experimental groups. Unlike the independent variable, the controlled variables do not influence the results. These variables do not affect the response of the dependent variable.
1. Endurance in high altitude mountain climbers with and without the use of supplemental O2.
a. Independent Variable: supplemental O2
b. Dependent Variable: Endurance in mountain climbers
The endurance of climbers will depend on the use of supplemental O₂. If they use supplemental oxygen, they will have more resistance than if they do not use it. Supplemental Oxygen is influencing the climbers´ endurance.
2. Weight loss in subjects eating low carbohydrate diets.
a. Independent Variable: low carbohydrate diets
b. Dependent Variable: Weight loss
Having a low carbohydrate diet will lead the subjects to lose weight. Any change in the quantity of the carbohydrate will affect the individuals' weight.
3. The number of hours spent studying biology each week and grades earned on biology exams.
a. Independent Variable: hours spent studying biology
b. Dependent Variable: grades earned on exams
The more hours students spend studying, the higher grades they get on biology exams. The grades depend on the number of hours used to study and are proportional to this variable.
4. Cancer rates in students who smoke cigarettes are closely monitored over a 5-year period.
Control Group: Time → Five years
Time is constant in all the study groups. Independently of the number of cigarettes smoked, or the frequency in which subjects smoke, all the groups will be analyzed for 5 years, and this time-lapse is constant.
5.Weightlifters are given 400 mg of creatine phosphate every day for 90 days. At the end of the 90-day period each participant is evaluated for improvements in strength.
Control Group: Time → 90 days
Time is constant in all the study groups. Independently of the creatine phosphate mg provided to weightlifters, individuals will be analyzed for 90 days, and this time-lapse is constant.
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