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Understanding Clauses
A clause is comprised of at least one subject and one verb. There are two types of clauses: the independent clause and the dependent clause.
Independent Clause
An independent clause makes a statement or asks a question that can act as a complete sentence. Example: The dog barks.
Dependent Clause
A dependent clause cannot act as a complete sentence because it begins with a subordinating word, such as when, because, if, whoever, etc.
Example: When the dog barks.
All grammatically correct sentences have at least one independent clause, and, therefore, they have at least one
subject and one verb.
Identifying Compound and Complex Sentences
The Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so) and a comma or by a semicolon alone.
Example: The pirate captain lost her treasure map, but she still found the buried treasure.
The Complex Sentence
A complex sentence combines a dependent clause with an independent clause. When the dependent clause is placed before the independent clause, the two clauses are divided by a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is necessary.
Example: Because the soup was too cold, I warmed it in the microwave. Constructing Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Example: Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much.
Example: Laura forgot her friend's birthday, so she sent her a card when she finally remembered.
Because compound-complex sentences are normally longer than other sentences, it is very important to punctuate them correctly. Refer to your Commas 101 handout for tips on correct comma usage.
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