Project planning teams use project life cycle models because various types of projects have differing demands. Which of the following sequences of stages is most appropriate for a life cycle model for research and development (R & D) projects?
a. define - measure - analyze - improve - control.
b. concept definition - demonstration - development - production.
c. pre-planning - design - procurement - construction - start up.
d. concept - requirements - design - code - test - turnove.

Research and development is mainly concerned with the development of a new concept, incorporation into a product, and delivery of product to the market as a way to improve the bottom line of the company.

It allows companies maintain a competitive edge over others in the same industry by bring new and innovative products to the customer.

The stages of R&D include: concept definition - demonstration - development - production.

The innovative idea is first defined and feasibility is evaluated.

The concept is demonstrated to show practicability of the idea.

The concept is further developed to suit customer needs.

Finally production and marketing is done to make product available to the customer.