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scientist is attempting to build a cladogram that shows the evolutionary closeness of three organisms in relation to humans. After doing DNA analysis, they determine that the organisms share the following percentages of DNA:
Organism A and humans share 85% of their DNA.
Organism B and humans share 80% of their DNA.
Organism C and humans share 90% of their DNA.
Based on this information, which order should they go on the cladogram (from least related to most related)?
(1 point)
A, B, C, humans
C, B, A, humans
C, A, B, humans
B, A, C, humans
2.A cladogram shows the evolutionary relationship between humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. The cladogram currently shows humans and chimpanzees with a more recent common ancestor compared to gorillas. Which piece of evidence, if true, would most likely weaken this hypothesis?(1 point)
Fossils of humans appear in deeper sedimentary rock layers compared to fossils of chimpanzees.
Amino acid analysis of the cytochrome c protein shows significant differences in the sequence of amino acids between humans and gorillas.
DNA sequence analysis of the hemoglobin alpha gene shows that humans and chimpanzees have a more similar sequence to each other than they do to the gorilla’s DNA sequence.
The cells of the eye in embryos of gorillas and humans follow a similar pattern of development while chimpanzee embryos are different.
3.The forelimbs of bats and humans have a very similar bone structure even though they appear very different on the outside. These structures are known as __________ because they result from species evolving __________.
Which of the following answer choices correctly completes the above statement?
(1 point)
homologies; similar adaptations in similar environments
analogies; from the same common ancestor
analogies; similar adaptations in similar environments
homologies; from the same common ancestor
4.All vertebrate embryos have a tail and gill slits at some point during embryonic development. What does this suggest about vertebrates?(1 point)
The embryos of these species require these structures to survive.
These species evolved in similar environments.
These species have the exact same DNA sequence.
These species share a common ancestor.
5.Fossil A is found closer to the surface compared to Fossil B. Which of the following conclusions can be made based on this statement?(1 point)
Fossil A is from an older species than Fossil B.
The species of Fossil A existed at the same time as the species of Fossil B.
The species of Fossil A evolved from the species of Fossil B.
Fossil B is most likely older than Fossil A.
6.Vertebrate embryos all follow a very similar developmental process. Which statement could explain this similarity?(1 point)
All vertebrates require the same nutrients during embryological development.
All vertebrates develop a backbone that protects the spinal cord.
All vertebrates inherit the same sequence of DNA from their parents.
All vertebrates live in similar environments which require the same adaptations.
7.Some mutations, or changes in the sequence of DNA, do not have any effect on the characteristics of the organism. Why is this?(1 point)
The immune system repairs the mutated sequence during development.
The protein built from this mutated sequence is deactivated by the cell.
The mutated sequence still codes for the same amino acid.
The cell recognizes mutations and ignores them when expressing the gene.
8.What is typically studied when analyzing not-yet-born (or unhatched) animals?(1 point)
embryological development
evolutionary theory
causal records
DNA sequencing
9.What can scientists analyze to get a better understanding of how plants and animals evolved from a common ancestor?(1 point)
petrified bones and imprints of plants
DNA molecules
vertebrate embryos
life cycles and behaviors
10.How can embryos help scientists understand evolution?(1 point)
Embryos contain the code for all life on Earth.
Embryos go through various stages that suggest the animal’s evolutionary process.
Embryos provide evidence for which life forms existed at the same time.
Embryos are frequently fossilized and illustrate change over time.
11.Astronomers have made great strides in sending probes out to other planets and moons in our solar system. If they were to find a living creature some place other than Earth, how could DNA analysis help them better understand the organism? Explain in 1–2 sentences.(2 points)
12.In 1973, biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote an essay titled “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.” Why is evolution so important for understanding biology? Explain your answer in 1–2 sentences.(2 points)
13.You are a scientist tasked with writing a journal article on the evolution of alligators. In 3–5 sentences, describe the different forms of evidence you might use to analyze the evolution of alligators.(4 points
1. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree that diagrams the ancestral relationships amongst organisms.
- The similarly alongside the cladogram you move,the greater variations in DNA the organisms have compared to the common ancestor.
Final answer: The correct option is B,A,C,humans.
2. DNA sequence analysis of the hemoglobin alpha gene shows that humans and chimpanzees have a more similar sequence to each other than they do to the gorilla’s DNA sequence.
Final answer: The correct option is (c).
3. These structures are known as homologies because they result from species evolving from the same common ancestor.
Explanation for correct option:
- Homologous structures are structures that are similar in related organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor.
Explanation for incorrect option:
- Analogies structure are body parts that have a similar function but differ in structure.
Final answer: homologies; from the same common ancestor.
5. All vertebrate embryos have a tail and gill slits at some point during embryonic development.
- Vertebrates are similar in origin and that they develop similarly, implying that they are related, have common ancestors.
Final answer: These species share a common ancestor.
5. Fossil B was found deeper in the ground than Fossil A.
- Fossil A could not be older than Fossil B as it has settled for a shorter period of time, and is higher up to the surface.
- If the two species existed at the same time, they could be at same heights in the soil.
Final answer: Fossil B is most likely older than Fossil A.
6.This shows that the vertebrates are similar in origin and that they develop similarly, implying that they have common ancestors.
- In the embryonic stages, they all possess the ventral heart, aortic arches, gills and gill slits which are exactly like those of the fish embryo.
- Presence of tail at some stage of development.
- These observations support the idea of organic evolution.
- This similarity of basic plan is because of shared genetic material and those genes that are still the same among organisms.
Final answer: All vertebrates develop a backbone that protects the spinal cord.
7. Mutations have no effect on the organism because they are repaired before protein synthesis occurs.
- Silent mutations lead to a change of one of the letters in the triplet code that represents a codon, but despite the single base change, the amino acid that is coded for remains unchanged or similar in biochemical properties.
Final answer: The mutated sequence still codes for the same amino acid.
8. Embryological develoment is typically studied when analyzing not-yet-born (or unhatched) animals.
Explanation for correct answer:
- Embryology is a branch of science that is related to the formation, growth, and development of embryo.
Explanation for incorrect answer:
- The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and changes over time.
- DNA sequencing refers to the technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule.
Final answer: Embryological development.
9. DNA molecules can scientists analyze to get a better understanding of how plants and animals evolved from a common ancestor.
- Molecular similarities provide evidence for the shared ancestry of life. DNA sequence comparisons can show how different species are related.
Final answer: DNA molecules.
10. Embryology is important to understanding a species' evolution, since some homologous structures can be seen only in embryo development.
- Embryos of organisms that have a closer genetic relationship to one another tend to look similar for a longer period of time since they share a more recent common ancestor.
Final answer: Embryos go through various stages that suggest the animal’s evolutionary process.
11. A DNA analysis can help determine is the species is related to any other organism like on earth.
- After isolating the DNA from its cells, specific regions are copied with a technique known as the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR.
- PCR produces millions of copies for each DNA segment of interest and thus permits very minute amounts of DNA to be examined.
12. Evolution is a process of gradual change that takes place over many generations.
- Evolutionary biology allows us to determine not only how and why organisms have become the way they are, but also what processes are currently acting to modify or change them.
- It helps us to understand the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and other parasitic organisms.
13. The first alligator ancestors developed approx. 245 million years ago.
- The main reason for the change in the body structure of alligator is due to change in environmental condition.
- DNA shows how related species are to other species.
- Fossils can be used to prove the existence of the evolution of alligators and to compare and contrast what they looked like in the past to what they look like now.
you can learn more about evolution here:
https://brainly.com/question/26502157
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