Answer: e. Adherence to universal ethical norms always takes precedence over local ethical norms.
Explanation:
As there are different cultures in the world, one finds that the ethical norms in an area might be different from those in another area and sometimes these norms can come into conflict.
This is why universal ethical norms are best to follow. They take into account the best norms and so smoothen out the negatives in local ethical norms.
Shannon and Ian should therefore follow universal ethical norms instead of local ones in this decision and they should find that these would encourage them to report the incident to the IRS.