Considering the definition of covalent bonds, the correct answer is option b): atoms share valence electrons with neighboring atoms to reach a stable octect.
Covalent bonds are the forces that hold non-metallic atoms together. These atoms have many electrons at their outermost level (valence electrons) and have a tendency to gain electrons rather than give them up, to acquire the stability of the noble gas electronic structure. Therefore, non-metallic atoms cannot give electrons to each other to form ions.
In other words, a covalent bond is a force that joins two atoms of non-metallic elements to form a molecule. Atoms share pairs of electrons from their most superficial shell (called the valence shell) to achieve the stability of the molecule that has been formed with the bond and thus comply with the octet rule.
In summary, the correct answer is option b): atoms share valence electrons with neighboring atoms to reach a stable octect.
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