A. The Torah
-- from the Jewish Scriptures (which Christians refer to as the Old Testament).
Further details:
The ancient Hebrew Bible began with the "Torah," that is, "The Law," which was given through the leader of Israel, Moses. Most of us are familiar with the Ten Commandments as given to Israel through Moses. Those famous "Ten Commandments" are essentially a concise summary of God's moral law for his people. The religion of Judaism was built on moral commands and human beings' ethical obligation to obey them. In fact, beyond those major summaries of God's law in the Ten Commandments, the Jewish rabbis counted a total of 613 commands given in the Torah (the books of Moses).
Many legal systems have looked to the basic ethical foundation of law in the Jewish Scriptures. The examples cited in the question include things specific to Jewish religion, however. Making thievery (stealing) a punishable offense would be a basic moral principle. Outlawing polytheism and work on the Sabbath would be specific religious views of Judaism.
