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Explanation:
Many different locations have served as capitals of the area that is now Texas, including a number that served only briefly.
The National Capitals of Texas
Capitals of the six nations that have ruled Texas have been:
Spain: Valladolid (before 1551) and Madrid;
France: Paris;
Mexico: Mexico City, D.F.;
Republic of Texas: San Felipe de Austin, Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston Island, Velasco, Columbia, Houston and Austin;
United States: Washington, D.C.;
Confederate States of America: Montgomery, Ala., and Richmond, Va.
A replica of the capital in West Columbia
A replica of the 1836 capitol in West Columbia.
The Administrative Headquarters
The administrative headquarters for Texas shifted many times from the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century to the end of the Civil War.
Spanish Provincial Capitals
In 1686, Monclova, Coahuila, Mex., became the first provincial capital for the area that became Texas. While Texas was associated with Spain and the Republic of Mexico, its government was administered largely from Coahuila, which alternately had Monclova and Saltillo as its provincial capital.
In 1721-22 Marqués de Aguayo, governor of Coahuila including Texas, led an expedition north of the Rio Grande and established the presidio of Los Adaes a short distance east of the Sabine River on the site of present-day Robeline, La. Los Adaes became the capital of Texas and remained so for half a century.
The seat of government was moved to San Antonio in 1772, where it remained until 1824. For two short periods during this time, the administrators of Coahuila y Texas conducted business from La Casa Piedra (today commonly called the Old Stone Fort) in Nacogdoches: Manuel Antonio Cordero y Bustamante in 1806 and Manuel María de Salcedo for three months in 1810.
Mexican Provincial Headquarters
After Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821, Texas was again united with Coahuila, of which Saltillo was then the capital. The first state congress convened there Aug. 15, 1824. The capital of Coahuila-Texas was moved to Monclova, March 9, 1833. A heated controversy between Saltillo and Monclova ensued. When the issue was placed before President Santa Anna, he favored Monclova.
The capital of the first Anglo-American colony in Texas was San Felipe de Austin. The conventions of 1832 and 1833, as well as the Consultation of 1835 met at San Felipe, which continued to be the official headquarters until March 1, 1836.
