A physics teacher performed a demonstration for a science class by pulling a crate across the floor
and measuring the force with a spring scale. While she pulled, a student measured the acceleration
of the crate with a handheld electronic device. The results of three trials are shown below.
Motion
F-900 N
140 kg
Actual Acceleration
of Crate
Acceleration
Trial
(m/s)
1
0.36
2
0.34
3
0.38
Average 0.36
The teacher asked the class to calculate the acceleration of the crate based on the crate's mass and
the force she applied. What conclusion can be made about the difference between the calculated
acceleration and the actual acceleration that occurred in the trials?
A Another force in the direction of the motion produced a lower acceleration than calculated.
B An opposing force caused by friction produced a lower acceleration than calculated.
C Another force in the direction of the motion produced a higher acceleration than calculated
D An opposing force caused by friction produced a higher acceleration than calculated

A force is an influence that can change the motion of an object. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity (e.g. moving from a state of rest), i.e., to accelerate.

Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newton (N).

Newton's second law states that the net force acting upon an object is equal to the rate at which its momentum changes with time. If the mass of the object is constant,

This law implies that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object, is in the direction of the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object.

Hence an opposing force caused by friction produced a higher acceleration than calculated.

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