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Explanation:
The reign of Mehmed II’s immediate successor, Bayezid II (1481–1512), was largely a period of rest. The previous conquests were consolidated, and many of the political, economic, and social problems caused by Mehmed’s internal policies were resolved, leaving a firm foundation for the conquests of the 16th-century sultans. The economic stringencies imposed to finance Mehmed II’s campaigns had led during the final year of his reign to a virtual civil war between the major factions in Istanbul, the devşirme party and the Turkish aristocracy. Bayezid was installed on the throne by the Janissaries because of their military domination of the capital, while his more militant brother Cem fled to Anatolia, where he led a revolt initially supported by the Turkish notables. Bayezid managed to conciliate the latter, however, by exposing to them his essentially pacific plans, which downgraded the devşirme, leaving Cem without major support. Cem then fled into exile in Mamluk Syria in the summer of 1481. He returned the following year with the help of the Mamluks and the last Turkmen ruler of Karaman, but his effort to secure the support of the Turkmen nomads failed because of their attraction to Bayezid’s heterodox religious policies. Cem remained in exile, first at the court of the Crusading Knights of Rhodes and then with the pope in Rome, until his death in 1495. European efforts to use him as the spearhead of a new Crusade to regain Istanbul were unsuccessful.
In the meantime, however, the threat that Cem might lead a foreign attack compelled Bayezid to concentrate on internal consolidation. Most of the property confiscated by his father for military campaigns was restored to its original owners. Equal taxes were established around the empire so that all subjects could fulfill their obligations to the government without the kind of disruption and dissatisfaction that had characterized the previous regime.
