A middle-aged woman goes to the marketplace to buy her family food for supper. She speaks openly to her friends and the merchants but avoids the forums where political and philosophical discussions take place in public. Upon returning home, she instructs her children on the importance of family. When her husband returns home, he treats her with respect and looks to her for wise counsel. In which of the following civilizations does this middle-aged woman reside?

A civilisation (or civilization) is any complex society that is characterized by the development of a urbanization, political state, social stratification, and symbolic systems of communication basically beyond natural spoken language (namely, a writing system).

Civilizations are intimately associated with the additional characteristics such as the domestication of plant and animal species (including humans), centralization, specialization of labour, culturally-ingrained ideologies of progress, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming, and expansionism.

What is the Roman Empire?

The Roman Empire was basically the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included the large territorial holdings around the Western Asia, Mediterranean Sea in Europe, and North Africa, ruled by emperors.

From the elevation of Caesar Augustus as the first Roman emperor to the military anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a principate with Italy as the megalopolis of its provinces and the city of Rome as its capital. Later, the Empire was ruled by many emperors who shared control over the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.

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