I, II, III, and IV factors that affect island colonization and species richness for a region. Hence, option D is correct.
What is colonization?
Colonialism is defined as “control by one power over a dependent area or people.”
Immigration to an island is affected by the distance of the island from a source of colonists. Usually, this source is the mainland (and it will be for this lesson), but it can also be other islands. Islands that are more isolated are less likely to receive immigrants than islands that are less isolated.
Hence, the species-area effect, rescue effect, target effect and time/stability hypothesis affect island colonization and species richness for a region.
Learn more about the colonization here:
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